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Discrete guide vanes have been suggested to control the cooling effect on tip surfaces.
Furthermore, the protic solvent was used to reduce the attachment energy of the tip surfaces for achieving the purpose of inhibiting the growth of needle tips.
As a result, the heat transfer near the endwall and tip surfaces in the unsteady wake case is lower than that in the steady case.
The present paper reviews investigations, concerning the reactions of CO + O2, H2 + O2, NO + H2 on Pt, Pd, Rh and Ir tip surfaces studied on an atomic level.
Crack closure increases under mixed-mode loading conditions in comparison to mode-I loading due the friction between the crack tip surfaces.
Mixed solutions were used to increase the probability of single-molecule events by controlling the densities of molecules on the tips as well as to prevent aggregation on the tip surfaces.
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Also, the heat transfer on the tip surface was asymmetrical.
A unique surface characteristic on the capillary tip surface has also been derived.
Table 3 Tip surface properties for two pipettes having different sizes.
Second, it leads to different tip surface interaction and energy dissipation.
Thus, the design of discrete guide vanes can control heat transfer on the tip surface effectively.
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