The amount of flesh removed, if any, was alternately described by circumcisers as being the size of a quarter-grain of rice, a guava seed, a bean, the tip of a leaf, the head of a needle.
Figure 10 shows the results of an X-ray fluorescence imaging measurement on a biological sample, the tip of a leaf from a selenium hyperaccumulating plant, showing the levels of different elements in the sample together with the fluorescence emission spectrum.
Shen's hypotheses were similar to the concept of the epicycle in the Greco-Roman tradition, only Shen compared the side-section of orbital paths of planets and variations of planetary speeds to points in the tips of a willow leaf.
The tip of the leaf of a snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis) has been fixed on the specimen holder with a drop of two-compound glue.
For Bienertia bombardment, the epidermis of the leaf was first gently removed using forceps to grab the tip of the leaf and a small plastic pestle to gently press out chlorenchyma and internal leaf cells, resulting in an epidermis-less leaf.
A piece of leaf, 5 cm in length, was cut from the tip of each leaf blade, placed in a microtube containing extraction buffer [200 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 250 mM NaCl, 25 mM EDTA, 0.5% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate], and homogenized with a pestle.
The mesophyll and epidermal cells at the tip, central, and basal positions of a leaf were visualized under a microscope and photographed (Olympus BX51), and the areas of leaves and cells were measured with ImageJ 1.4.3.67 software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/).
The emission of sesquiterpene volatiles from the site of damage and towards the leaf tip, but not towards the leaf base, will create a volatile gradient from the tip of the leaf increasing towards the damage site.
This trait was characterized as leaf-specific and it evolved in a basipetal manner, from the tip of the leaf to the base and further to the leaf sheath.
In contrast, the relatively lower free IAA level accompanied by higher ABP1 expression indicated a higher auxin affinity at the tip of the leaf and resulted in polarised cell growth.
Spores were sprayed on to the adaxial leaf surface with a pump sprayer moving at a speed of 7.5 cm/second from the bottom to the tip of the leaf (Scientific apparatus shop, University of Minnesota).
