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These results were obtained using GSM TIP model.
The GSM TIP model can simulate the global distributions of all thermosphere/ionosphere parameters.
For the development of the GSM TIP model the grid of the geomagnetic field lines has been kept fixed.
The differences between storm and quiet time are always smaller in the GSM TIP model than in the observational data.
We discuss the possible reasons of the differences between the GSM TIP model calculations, IRI predictions, and the observations.
Dotted and thick lines GSM TIP model results, light and dark circles ISR data for quiet and storm conditions, respectively.
This is related to the tilted dipole approximation of the Earth's magnetic field in the GSM TIP model.
Dotted and thick lines GSM TIP model results, light and dark circles digisonde data for quiet and storm conditions, respectively.
GSM TIP model simulations were performed using empirical model of high-energy electron precipitation.
GSM TIP model results of E-region parameters are compared with IRI-2012 model.
To check the dynamic functions of the tip region, we fabricated a suction tip model having adhesion and suction parts.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com