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The thickness of coatings decreased as the distance of substrate from the anode tip increased.
While, the flexibility increased, reaching a best value before decreasing as the PVP and TiP increased.
Subsequently, the displacement at support tip increased significantly, and the damage zone in front of the face also increased, redulting in significant spalling.
As can be seen from Figure 7, the amplitude of the ZnO cantilever tip increased from 2.1 to 13.6 nm when the driving voltage increases from 0.05 to 0.3 Vrms.
Soil stress close to the tool tip increased from 220 to 1060 kPa, while the maximum pressure on the tool surface increased from 250 to 1240 kPa when the tool speed was increased from 1 to 10 m s−1.
Finite element model simulations showed that stress at the crack tip increased as the specimen size increased, which led to larger plastic deformation and more energy being consumed when the specimen fractured.
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We conclude that the new tip increases the interest of students in learning the numerical integral by Gauss Quadrature method.
This is due to the number of atoms in contact with the tip increasing with indentation depth.
The horn, driven at 20 kHz, has a multi-stepped design with a cone-shaped tip increasing the energy-emitting surface areas and creating multiple reactive zones.
For large values of the velocity ratio U0/UL, the tip region becomes slender and the curvature of the reaction sheet at the tip increases proportionally to U0/UL.
The temperature rise subsequently lowers the energy barrier of materials for domain switch in the vicinity of the crack tip, increases the stress intensity factor and leads to unstable crack propagation finally.
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