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As seen, without timing tracking, the MSE at the receiver output increases with time.
As a result, longer packet lengths are being transmitted, which in turn mandates timing tracking algorithms.
Hence, timing tracking is an important issue in FBMC systems and has to be given due attention.
Timing synchronization may consist of frame/slot/symbol/chip synchronizations, residual timing tracking, first arrival path search (in terms of OFDMA), multi-path search (in terms of CDMA), etc.
This paper, thus, also proceeds with development of decision directed algorithms for carrier and timing tracking.
Also methods for channel estimation as well as carrier and timing tracking loops are proposed.
Figure 13 compares the performance of CMT and SMT when both carrier and timing tracking loops are active.
The related algorithms for carrier frequency and timing recovery as well as channel identification/equalizer adjustment and methods for carrier and timing tracking loops are proposed.
Subsequently, while the carrier and timing tracking loops were active or deactivated, the performance of the receiver in detecting the payload information symbols was studied.
The timing tracking loop fixes the problem and results in an MSE that remains constant, at a level slightly above the noise level.
Figure 12 Mean square error at the output of an SMT receiver, averaged over all subcarriers, with and without a timing tracking loop.
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