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The stronger the input the closer and the more synchronously the two populations fire (Fig. 4 E, right; membrane fluctuations become narrower but their timing relation is as shown in Fig. 4 D, right).
Thus, the synchronous firing of excitatory and inhibitory populations and the timing relation between the two volleys within an oscillation cycle are also crucial in determining the robustness of the oscillation and the stability of oscillation frequency.
This was also confirmed by analysis of timing relation between membrane fluctuations of excitatory and inhibitory populations: When the slope of the frequency voltage dependency was larger, the inhibitory resonator neurons tended to lag more behind excitatory neurons (Fig. 11 C), a phenomenon typical of integrator resonator networks (see also Fig. 4 D).
However to make a precise statement about the timing relation of this activity to total motor activity would require a more sensitive measure such as EMG over several muscle groups, which would necessitate a different experimental approach (and thus should be done in a subsequent study).
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Our assertions contain process/device dependencies, timing relations and physical conservation rules.
Such causality relations are useful because they provide a fine level of discrimination in the specification of the relative timing relations and synchronization conditions between the nonatomic events.
If the same images are presented at lower contrast, all responses occur later, but the timing relations between neurons are preserved.
These spike timing relations that we observed in the retina may thus provide a powerful neural code for rapid image processing: they transmit information about visual objects independent of contrast; they are robust to retinal noise; and most importantly, they provide information in the shortest time possible, namely with the first spike of a neural population.
If there is some other knowledge on both systems timing relations (e.g., there are only some possible shifts between received frame and RX window), this calculation should be modified using still E[|R(n ′,m ′)|2] values.
Since the HINT platform captures all these radio frame sending and receiving operations at every test unit, such accurate timing relations are helpful for the clock synchronization in the HINT platform.
From our investigations, it appears that obtaining both pocket and rostral scratch rhythms with the same set of synaptic weights through the dynamic mechanisms we have described requires certain phase plane features and timing relations, which arise in the trajectory descriptions we have provided.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com