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However, the study involved small sample sizes, which can suggest bias due to narrow genetic diversity, limited population history, selection timing, phasing error, and false LD resolution (Granka et al. 2012; Qanbari et al. 2012; Tang et al. 2007).
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where μ is a step size and τ k is the timing phase at time kT, can be viewed as an approximated gradient descent implementation [12] of the OEM approach (7).
Figure 5 Discrete time channels for different timing phase.
Depending on the timing phase offset τ, we have a different discrete time domain channel.
This will allow us to adjust the timing phase with an accuracy of which is four times better than the Nyquist rate.
The jointly optimized timing phase offset with a given fixed length equalizer should produce a discrete time channel response for which the equalizer achieves the minimum mean squared error among other discrete time channel responses sampled by different timing phases.
The received analog time signal y(t) is sampled at the baud rate T with a timing phase offset τ generated from a timing offset generation mechanism.
Consequently, the timing phase problem has resurfaced in ATSC receivers.
We observe that the proposed timing phase outperforms the Gardner timing phase by about 2 dB after DFE convergence.
The optimum timing phase is, thus, obtained as Figure 6 The signal analyzer for timing acquisition.
All timing recovery algorithms, OEM, DM, Gardner, and proposed one, produce the same timing phase offset.
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