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These findings suggest pre-conception male exposure to alcohol may have an effect on the offspring and the extent of the effects may vary with the timing of alcohol exposure relative to conception.
Specifically in the context of the United Kingdom and changes in the timing of alcohol sales, Newton and Hirschfield (2009) found that the impact on violence against person was more pronounced on the weekend as opposed to the weekday these authors also found that particular alcohol outlets and the immediate spaces around them were important for understanding these changes.
However, our previous study lacked information on duration and timing of alcohol intake.
For this analysis each period was examined separately to evaluate whether timing of alcohol exposure was associated with OA risk.
Differences in the dose and timing of alcohol exposure are known contributors to variation in the phenotypic spectrum in FASD.
We further explored midwives views on the impact of timing of alcohol consumption during pregnancy on subsequent developmental outcomes.
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It is clear that consistent, evidence based messages need to be promoted and need to address commonly held misconceptions, particularly around the quantity and timing of foetal alcohol exposure.
The specific range of impairments is influenced by multiple factors including timing and amount of alcohol exposure.
Questions about alcohol consumption specifically quantified the amount, timing and frequency of alcohol use in pregnancy, including episodes of 'binge' drinking.
The degree of harm to the fetus from prenatal alcohol exposure is influenced by the dose, pattern, and timing [ 35] of alcohol exposure and the stage of development of the fetus when exposed.
Further work to establish this causal link needs to focus on more detailed analysis that considers the timing and amount of alcohol used by mothers during the pregnancy.
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