In this study, finite element modeling predicted that the skin surface should only be heated on the microsecond timescale in order to avoid significant temperature rises in living cells and nerve endings in deeper tissue.
18 Exploitation of photophysical properties of lanthanides (luminescence), and, in particular, of terbium and europium, characterized by long-lived (milliseconds timescale) excited states, is another way to avoid concerns related to fluorescence imaging.
It was also suggested that time spent by researchers on documenting and using learning may divert them from their primary research and health RCS activities unless the timescales and funding for the research were flexible enough to avoid such tradeoffs (Vullings and Meijer 2009).
Next, acute hypoxia stimuli were applied, with the assumption that a 4-hour timescale would long enough for metabolism to adapt to a new steady state, but short enough to avoid gene expression changes.
A related approach is variation in appearance to avoid recognition by adaptive immunity; positive selection of this form can sometimes be observed over short timescales.
Spurs had initially hoped to avoid surgery, but sent him for an operation in a bid to fix the problem and have set no timescale on his recovery.
Over the evolutionary timescale, organisms with the ability to renew somatic tissue needed to evolve tumor suppressor mechanisms to regulate and control cellular proliferation in order to avoid unregulated cell growth leading to cancer.
The timescale for the adaptation is normally per media chunk, and is in the order of seconds (e.g. 2 s), so as to avoid reacting to very dynamic transient effects.
A care was taken to avoid heating of the NCs, and we observed neither noticeable changes of the intensity and lineshape of the Raman spectrum nor visual damage of the sample, at least at the timescale of spectrum accumulation.
A minimum population size has to be maintained to avoid inbreeding depression in the short term and retaining sufficient genetic variation to allow adaptive changes over large timescales (Jamieson and Allendorf 2012).
