Here, we combine the use of force-calibrated needles, high-resolution microscopy, and biochemical perturbations to analyze the vertebrate metaphase spindle's timescale- and orientation-dependent viscoelastic properties.
At this acceleration voltage, the clusters are fixed in each orientation for timescales on the order of seconds before switching to another orientation.
Specifically, stimulus-selective adaptation of visual cortical neurons has been shown to reduce responsiveness and causing a shift in tuning curves away from the adapting orientation on short timescales (Movshon and Lennie 1979; Müller et al. 1999; Felsen et al. 2002).
By assuming that excitability drifts on many timescales and that sensory drive is sparse, this model describes both short-term adaptation at individual synapses as well as changes in orientation tuning during typical medium timescale adaptation experiments.
To use energy transfer quantitatively, one ideally should determine whether the donor and acceptor chromophores are free to rotate or are sterically hindered on the nanosecond timescale as this indicates that the κ orientation parameter can be reasonably set at 2/3 as assumed in Eq. (2).
Using a continent-island model, these authors showed that a migration rate of about one individual per generation increases the size of G by up to 3-fold and may cause its shape and orientation to 'flip' (albeit only over timescales of several hundred generations).
The remaining poses were furthermore clustered by RMSD with a 3 Å cut-off in order to have a coarser landscape of the possible binding poses, also considering we were not interested in running the free energy calculations on similar binding orientation that can interconvert within the simulations timescale.
Direction and magnitude of applied forces, either external or generated by the cell itself, directly influence the size and orientation of FACs in living cells on a timescale of tens of seconds to minutes [ 469].
The crazing stress increased substantially with orientation, and the magnitude of the increase relaxed approximately on a timescale associated with the longest Rouse time.
These results show that while loop-flipping events are not concerted on the millisecond timescale, the loop-flipping frequency of a given loop is impacted by the orientation of its neighboring TMDs.
