Theoretical studies indicate that all biological oscillators are built around negative feedback loops; additional conditions are time delay (e.g., by positive feedback), sufficient nonlinearity, and comparable timescales of components in the loop (Novák and Tyson, 2008).
Alternatively, and on a faster timescale, the hyperpolarizing component of the efferent response might increase the Ca2+ flux through mechanoelectrical-transduction channels into stereocilia by augmenting the driving force on Ca2+.
From a biological and biophysical point of view this implies also including two other key components: timescales (see, e.g., the review paper [ 49]) and the role of randomness.
The timescale of the DL component can be derived from the shock transit time over an effective length of 30 Earth radii (Araki et al. 2004), and the timescale of the DP component can be derived from the shock transit time over an effective length of 3.5 Earth radii (Kubota et al. 2015).
In a dual-therapeutic composite coating, the top GS component itself was found to be an effective physical barrier for the underlying rhBMP-2, leading to an order of magnitude increase in the release timescale compared to the single-component rhBMP-2 system.
To examine the localization of the different T6SS components over different timescales, we used fluorescence microscopy to visualize bacteria expressing the functional mCherry-labeled components with frame rates of 100 ms, 1 s, and 10 s.
If, over evolutionary timescales, the loss of spliceosomal components resulted in decreases in splicing levels, the reduction of the spliceosome could not have reached its current point unless the levels of intron-containing gene expression were acceptable for cell viability and decay rates increased to compensate for increased intron-containing transcripts.
Reaction kinetics are investigated to gain more control over the polymerization, since polymerization proceeds to full conversion already on the timescale of mixing of the reaction components.
The transient optical properties of PDTAABQ-SWNT show a faster decaying component on a picosecond timescale but a very unusual slower decaying tail on a nanosecond timescale as compared to the timescale of the parent polymer (PDTADBQ).
