Moreover, despite this rapid turnover of most (if not all) molecules, eukaryotic regulatory complexes also demonstrate a clear slow-timescale activity: They proceed through a periodic pattern of occupancy level by molecules, conformal changes and epigenetic modifications with a precise timing and a period in the order of few tens of minutes [ 48- 52].
At a slower timescale, the activity of the receptor complex physiologically adapts to its steady-state activity through the antagonistic actions of CheR and CheB.
On short timescales electrical activity and neuromodulators may affect excitability, while on longer timescales excitability may be driven by oxygen concentrations or hormones (Fig 1A).
The recent techniques allowing the cell-type specific inactivation of the circadian clockwork [8] will be useful to address the functional relevance of clock genes in the pituitary gland, such as their contribution to the multi-timescale firing activity of endocrine cells [46] and pulsatile hormonal release [47].
Our analyses consider multiple timescales of activity as well as potential task-related changes.
On a short timescale, the enzyme activity is controlled via activating and inhibitory molecular interactions.
On a coarse timescale, periods of activity and silence occurred at about the same time in all simultaneously recorded nearby neurons, independent of their depth (Fig. 5 d, see also Figs. 7 and 10 and Fig. S2).
Another unusual feature of certain KLKs is the timescale of their activity, which can reach months, if not years, as seen with KLK4 in tooth development, which was also observed in a comparison of Klk4/lacZ knockin mice and the wild type [33,34].
RTH separates online activities which take place at the frame transmission timescale, from offline activities which take place at the flow lifetime timescale.
Each node participates strongly in a few timescales and weakly in the others, but the shape and timescales of the activity patterns emerge from the network topology as a whole and information can flow from one node to another.
