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Figure 2D shows that the patristic distances from an ML tree of the neuraminidase genes of a set of influenza virus isolates correlated with the differences in years between the times of isolation of the isolates.
"The genomes of the urban park mice show times of isolation about 400 years ago -- which is about the time the first Europeans arrived".
A close look at the record shows that although Pyongyang has never given up its drive for a nuclear deterrent, nuclear progress slowed significantly during times of diplomacy and accelerated during times of isolation, sanctions and threats.
We attempted to maximize the diversity of hosts, geographic origins and times of isolation.
For example, comparisons of the times of isolation and the distances between the sequences of influenza A virus strains describe an important process whereby the older strains are being eliminated from global circulation and being replaced by new strains.
There is an astonishing conservation of different P. acnes phage genomes, with a nucleotide identity higher than 85%, despite their isolation from different countries (England, Sweden, and USA) and different times of isolation covering a time span of more than 30 years.
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At the time of isolation, the isolates were identified by colony morphology, degree of acid-fast staining with the Ziehl-Neelsen method and mycobactin dependency.
The Q933-negative isolates obtained from human disease might have lost this Q933-containing prophage by the time of isolation, or these isolates might have been recovered from patients also infected with STEC containing Q933-type prophage (15).
This observation was strengthened by indistinguishable PFGE patterns of isolates, most distant regarding time of isolation, within each PhP-subtype.
The evolutionary rate was also estimated for EV71-B4 by a linear regression of the genetic distance from the oldest isolate versus the time of isolation.
Two isolates from each PhP-subtype, most distant regarding time of isolation, were chosen for the PFGE.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com