Sentence examples for time to divergence from inspiring English sources

Moreover, centromeres showed consistent localization along the same chromosome in the two cotton species (Supplementary Table 17), implying a high level of genome conservation and a relatively short time to divergence.

Substitutions are added to the two gene copies by random draws from a Poisson distribution with mean equal to the particular substitution rate (one for nonsynonymous sites and one for synonymous sites) times the time to divergence.

The two full-length copies on 243E20 share 91.3% identity at the nucleotide level, and we can estimate that the duplication event occurred around a similar time to divergence of the macaque lineage from baboon (Elango et al. 2009), about 10 Ma (Raaum et al. 2005).

This can lead to considerable overestimates of times to divergence, particularly when slow substitution rates are obtained from interspecific comparisons in a phylogenetic context and then extrapolated to population-level data [21], [32].

Quantitative variation may be similar to molecular genetic variation if selection has not had enough time to drive divergence (Whitlock and McCauley, 1999).

(3) Estimating divergence time: to estimate the divergence time between mudskippers and other teleosts, as well as among the four mudskipper species, MCMCTree (http://abacus.gene.ucl.ac.uk/software/paml.html) from the PAML package52 was used on 4D genes of each species and phylogenetic tree (mentioned in Supplementary Note 5 Phylogenetic tree construction) together with the molecular clock model.

We estimated divergence times and evaluated changing population sizes through time to determine if divergence times and population expansions were consistent with late Pleistocene events.

Moore works on molecular clock models, which track genetic mutations over time to measure evolutionary divergence in organisms.

And how are these mechanisms exploited over evolutionary time to allow for divergence and to give rise to new functions and ultimately species?

We used the relative Ks measure as the substitute for time to evaluate the divergence time between Chinese cabbage and Arabidopsis.

We used the relative K s measure as the proxy for time to evaluate the divergence time between B. rapa and Arabidopsis.