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This time, specimens were harvested on days 3 and 5 after the second gene transfer (n = 7 for each day after the second transfection) (Fig. 1A).
Sampling constraints associated with the small size on the individuals, a shortage of taxonomic expertise, and the fact that for a long time specimens were routinely fixed in formaldehyde, which is incompatible with most molecular biology techniques, have all contributed to the current situation of frenulates being the least-studied group of siboglinids.
Among the specimens from these participants, we selected "cases" who had high CD8+ T cell activation and low absolute CD4+ T cell counts at the time specimens tested were obtained, and were defined as: Percentage of circulating CD8+ T cells co-expressing CD38 and HLA-DR was >10%.
We also identified a group of controls who had low CD8+ T cell activation and high absolute CD4+ T cell counts at the time specimens tested were obtained, defined as: Percentage of circulating CD8+ T co-expressing CD38 and HLA-DR was <10% Absolute CD4+ T cell counts were consistently >500 cells/µL.
Participants were classified into one of three categories according to antiretroviral treatment (ART) and plasma viral load at the time specimens were collected: "effective ART", when virus replication was suppressed to <50 copies/mL; "failing ART", defined as receiving ART, but with plasma HIV-1 RNA >400 c/mL; and "no ART", when not receiving ART.
Time specimens of recanalized mural thrombi were kindly provided by Dr. H·W.
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To compare the feasibility, operative time, specimen retrieval time, and effect on postoperative pain of laparoscopic retrieval of benign adnexal masses between a 10-mm transumbilical and a 10-mm transabdominal port.
The use of a single, rescannable (over long time) specimen allows us to build a spatially consistent model, easily expandable with new scans, benefiting this way of fast developments in diagnostic imaging.
Further delay may possibly have occurred from the time specimen was received at the central specimen processing unit to when the specimen actually got to the virus isolation laboratory.
Each specimen was tested 2 4 times; specimens which were consistently positive, positive 2/3 or 3/4 times were considered positive.
After appropriate survival times, specimens were rinsed with fresh Medium-199 and incubated for 60 min in 500 µg/ml thermolysin (Sigma; prepared in Medium-199), at 37°C.
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