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To further assess the long term impact of the attacks, we first define three discrete time series: progress, exploration and completion.
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Among these, we used three particular time series: The progress time series captures how many correct links between pieces are created and destroyed that corresponds to the actual solving of the puzzle.
We are interested in the cumulative progress time series that reports the overall progression of the puzzle.
The averaging of the cumulative progress related time series is required to take into account these time boundaries by considering them separate time series because of the sharp discontinuities.
The figure represents the cumulative progress and exploration time series, highlighting the attacks and their direct impact.
For instance considering the time series of the data acquires the progress of the GDP, makes the comparison more appropriate in contrast to using 1 year GDP. .
We define an additional completion time series as the sum of the cumulative progress and exploration time series.
The assumptions in this work are (1) the outputs of the elements in the complex system can be observed as time progresses, i.e. time series are available, and (2) the outputs are the results of internal dynamics within individual elements and external interactions with other elements.
The completion time series is defined as the sum of the cumulative progress and exploration.
Local optima indicate remarkable points of the time series whose position in time and value summarize the progress and the efficiency of the crowd (local maxima are orange, local minima are yellow).
The time series of funded ratios reveals the true volatility of funding progress over time, providing insight into the risky relationship between plan assets and liabilities, a relationship that is obscured in standard actuarial valuations.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com