The fluorescence lifetime is a relatively long process on the time scale of molecular events, and during this time, a high-energy fluorophore can undergo a great variety of transformations, ranging from electron redistribution and geometric alteration to reorganisation of the surrounding and chemical reactions[39].
Our results also provide important insights into the absolute time scale of these events, especially for the origin of the East African endemic lineages.
In order to rule out the possibility of rotational and translational motion on the observed dynamics presented in Figure 1, the time scale of such events was considered for the experimental conditions used in this study.
These data may suggest a time-scale of events, from the older to the most recent, paralleled by the increasing identity thresholds.
Analyses of anomalous nucleotide composition is quite effective in the detection of recent LGT events but becomes handicapped as the time scale of the event in question increases typically because the gene in question has more time to adjust to the host genome [ 50].
The orbital period of the Akebono satellite was initially 212 min and was much shorter than the typical time scale of solar proton events, so that the effect of satellite location during an orbital motion is expected to be averaged.
The detection of any Na layer structures depends on the chemical lifetime of Na atoms, which must be large compared to the typical time scale of the dynamical events.
Although the sample size is small, estimates of the insertion times of Atlantys elements in the other Oryza species (Table 1) where all the insertions date back to less than 1 MYA suggest a time scale of the insertion events similar to that obtained in domesticated rice.
On the time scale of a storm event, only the water in the matrix immediately surrounding the fracture mixes with water in the fracture, while the bulk of the matrix is isolated from fracture flow.
Long-term changes in depth to water table (30 days before the event) are likely to impact on DOC production, whereas discharge becomes the main control over DOC transport at the time scale of the rainfall/runoff event.
