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Recruiting changes in a long-lasting glutamatergic signaling has been postulated to be crucial for explaining the time scale discrepancy between fast desensitization (within a few seconds) of nAChR after nicotine binding[5] and the often observed long-lasting (more than hours) reward/reinforcement effects of nicotine on addictive behavior[6].
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Encountered on different evolutionary time scales, this discrepancy may be resolved by taking into account the probability of intra-individual fixation of mutations present in heteroplasmy, and the sex of individuals carrying a new mutation, since males will not transmit them [ 29, 30].
In both cases, the discrepancy in time scale is reinforced by a difference between the levels at which the effects act, at the individual level for short-term effect, and at the population or species level for long-term effect.
The study of dynamic equations on time scales reveals such discrepancies, and it helps avoid proving results twice-once for differential equations and once again for difference equations.
Although Eq. (10) predicts the correct behavior for short times t = O ( 1 / U ), the discrepancy with exact numerical data on a longer time scale is quite noticeable, especially in one dimension.
The discrepancy could be explained by the substantial difference in time scale of the comparisons, namely, between evolutionary time (in comparative genomics) and real time (in epidemiology).
Differences of the time scale over which N e is estimated could therefore explain the discrepancies of results.
Although discrepancy exists at t = 0, the predicted plasma concentration accurately demonstrates the time scale of clearance of nanoparticles from the blood into other organs.
(See the geologic time scale).
Even that time scale implies ambition.
Time scale.
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