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Switching time retardation is similarly heterogeneous across the sample.
Significant differences were found among commercial antiscalants with respect to achievable levels of induction time retardation.
According to the measurements of deformed rolls and the vibration measurement, a simple model regarding the polygonal deformation as unstable vibration caused by time retardation accompanied by wear on the surfaces of the rolls is proposed.
Also, the modal analysis is applied to a general system with time retardation accompanied by wear in order to obtain the equations of motion for each mode and to derive some important parameters.
For the realistic values of the emerging parameters such as fractional parameters, relaxation time, retardation time, Reynolds number, Froude number and inclination of tube, the numerical results for the pressure difference and the frictional force across one wavelength are computed and discussed the roles played by these parameters during the peristaltic flow.
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This insight allows decomposing contributions from different scales of the sedimentary architecture, and has led to a more fundamental understanding of mass transport processes including mechanical dispersion of solutes within aquifers, and the time-dependent retardation of reactive solutes.
In these cases, the ratio of the material retardation time to the experiment time scale does not allow the achievement of a steady-state and a correct description of the mechanical response cannot be easily achieved.
The strain of a viscoelastic material is described by [ 57] ε (t ) = ε 0 + ε 1 (1 − exp (− t T 1 ) ), (3) where ε0 is the elastic strain, ε1 is the viscoelastic strain, and T1 is the retardation time constant, defined as the time at which the strain has risen to within 1/e of its final value [ 57].
It is clear that relaxation times are shorter than the corresponding retardation times.
The characteristic retardation time of this element can then be calculated to predict the recovery time.
In general terms, the use of binary combinations of the foaming agents at their high usage level yielded foams that exhibited longer drainage mean times; higher yield stress, apparent plastic viscosity, instantaneous elastic modulus and mean retardation times; and a shorter onset of the critical drying time, that yielded dried tamarind powders with better sensory flavour perception.
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