The post-peak strength degradation is based on Dolsek and Fajfar (2008) that estimate the displacement at residual strength (d u) is five times of the displacement of maximum stress.
In the mathematical formulation of the considered topology optimization model, the time integral of the displacement response over a specified time interval of interest is taken as the objective function.
The time dependence of the displacement at any single point in space is often an oscillation about some equilibrium position.
Kinetic and strain energy expressions are then derived in terms of the spatial and time derivative of the displacement components at the center of the truss element.
In ref. 13, the interactions between actin and myosin filaments produce transient displacements, lasting only ~100 ms, during which a force velocity relation can be calculated using the time derivative of the displacement against the trap compliance, while force is continuously changing.
For a harmonic wave traveling in the x-direction, the spatial and time dependence of the displacement ϕ is A defining characteristic of all waves is superposition, which describes the behaviour of overlapping waves.
The time series of the displacement data recorded at four representative GPS stations (ABEP, ASAP, EASN, and POOL) are shown in Fig. 2 (left), and the preprocessed ones are shown on the right.
The implemented hardware approach gives us complete real-time control of the displacement sequence and provides all the signals needed to drive an electrostatic deflection display.
The real-time reconstruction of the displacement and stress fields from discrete-location strain measurements is a fundamental feature for monitoring systems, which is generally referred to as shape- and stress-sensing.
This allowed for the real-time viewing of the displacement process and enabled a direct observation of the preservation of the construct's integrity during implantation procedures.
