The terraria were inspected every 5 min (copulations last on average 37 min ranging from 15 to 90 min [ 45]) and all copulations were noted (time; type of copulation: target species conspecific, target female with heterospecific male, target male with heterospecific female, non-target species conspecific).
To our knowledge this is the first time that measures of copulation calls have been shown to vary specifically with respect to ovulation, adding a further modality to the range of signals to which crested macaques may indicate ovulatory timing.
It was a rum time for copulation.
This made it possible to estimate the following variables: time before first courtship, mean courtship duration (for the various courtship sequences), time to mating, duration of copulation, mating success, and the number of rejections of males by females.
Furthermore, courtship latency (defined as the time until the start of the characteristic male wing-fanning display), copulation latency (defined as the time until the start of copulation) and the number of mating attempts by the male were recorded.
Regardless of function, this adjustment in male copulatory behavior reveals an increased time and energy cost of copulation with previously mated females.
Finally, while the post-mating response lasts for about a week, previous genomic studies only examined time points within 24 hours of copulation.
However, at the same time cumulative copulation success of fathers and that of their sons was not significantly positively correlated (r = 0.132, n = 47, p = 0.377; Fig. 2b).
After display, the birds land on a branch for a mating ritual which starts with locking bills, followed by the female hanging upside-down for a variable period of time, and then copulation while the male holds the female's neck.
The termination of spermatogenesis might be an energy-saving measure that allows these males, who no longer have functional pedipalps, to spend extended periods of time fighting after copulation (up to two weeks in N. clavipes; [48]).
