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HbA1c measures on controls were not recorded since at the time of ascertainment it was not an accepted diagnostic tool.
In addition, genetic effects were adjusted for age (at time of diagnosis for case subjects and at time of ascertainment for controls).
If subjects were deceased at the time of ascertainment (i.e. following a sudden cardiac death) consent was waived by the respective Institutional Review Boards on grounds of scientific feasibility.
Glycemic control was not included since HbA1c at time of ascertainment is not expected to accurately reflect overall glycemic insult to the kidneys and historical data was not available.
The selection criteria for the controls included also no individual history and no diagnosis of any cancer at the time of ascertainment and frequency matching to the patients on age and gender.
All controls were cancer free at the time of ascertainment.
Similar(40)
Dysplasia is the more common of these (Thillemann et al. 2008), with a reported prevalence of 0.5 4% according to time and type of ascertainment and the diagnostic criteria used (Rosendahl et al. 1996, Holen et al. 1999, Reikeras et al. 1999, Lehmann et al. 2000).
For example, differences in cancer screening practices at the time of case ascertainment may result in inconsistencies among studies.
This finding may reflect the fact that our study population was middle-aged at enrollment and few female participants were pre-menopausal at the time of outcome ascertainment.
General neuropsychological functions were assessed in patients using standard measures (summarized in Table 2), at the time of initial ascertainment and contemporaneous with the experimental assessment.
For the 605 subjects over the age of 10 years at the time of exercise ascertainment, 278 (46.0%) reported participating in any competitive exercise, 235 (38.8%) reported participating in recreational exercise only, and 92 (15.2%) reported no exercise.
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