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For sparse oversaturated model used to map survival time loci, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) for Cox regression model can be employed to efficiently shrink most of genetic effects to zero.
Ma2, Ma4, and Ma5 are flowering time loci that enhance photoperiod sensitivity in sorghum [ 25, 29].
As previously reported, vegetative to generative transition 1 and zfl2 flowering time loci were also near family-nested QTL for DTA (Buckler et al. 2009; Romay et al. 2013) and NPH.
This prompted us to name these flowering time loci as qVgt, followed by the bin number of their map location, with the exception of the QTLs on bins 8.04 and 8.05, for which we kept the former Vgt1 and Vgt2 acronyms.
To test whether enrichment for flowering time loci was affected by a loss of power due to correction for population structure, we also conducted association analyses for flowering time traits using a simplified model that did not include population structure and coancestry.
The chromosome 8 QTL represents a region that contains the known flowering time loci Vgt1 and Zcn8 (Salvi et al., 2007; Buckler et al., 2009; Hung, Shannon, et al., 2012) and the chromosome 10 QTL represents the effect of the major photoperiod gene ZmCCT (Hung, Shannon, et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2013).
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Recently Böhlenius et al. have shown that the CO/FT (constans/flowering time locus T) regulatory module, which controls flowering time in response to variations in daylength in annual plants, also regulates short-day-induced growth cessation [40].
Pairwise comparisons identify four loci as outliers: in Russia locus AT2G26140, a gene in the UDP-glucosyl transferase family; in Canada both AT4G16280 (the flowering time locus FCA), and AT3G51570, an LRR disease resistance gene; and in Iceland and Sweden locus AT1G15240, a phox domain-containing protein.
At least eight chromosome regions, including the well-known flowering time locus Vgt1, showed allelic variation influencing flowering time.
Two QTLs for flowering time were mapped in the genomic regions harbouring homoeologues of FLOWERING TIME LOCUS C of Arabidopsis, BnFLC.A3 on chromosomes A3 and Bn.FLC.A10 on chromosome A10 [ 15, 27, 40].
Expression of the whole set of genes encoding blue light receptors, transcription factors and proteasomal E3-ligases, all involved in induction of the flowering time locus (FT) were altered (Table 7).
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