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This was not likely to be due to insufficient time for differentiation since endogenous DG NPCs acquire NeuN expression 2 weeks, and Prox1 expression 1 week, after the expression of DCX [3], [34].
The low differentiation among regions (8% of total variation) can both be explained by levels of gene flow that have been large enough to maintain genetic similarity and/or by insufficient time for differentiation to arise because of recent foundation from a common source.
Transitions from outcrossing to selfing can first enable the appearance of different sets of coevolved loci, given sufficient time for differentiation among populations.
For example, if the Comoros islands were colonized relatively recently, there may have been insufficient time for differentiation to occur despite the absence of any ongoing gene flow (non-equilibrium population).
As the time for differentiation between the four M. galathea lineages from continental Europe is assumed to be the result of one glacial cycle (see above) and as the differentiation between populations from Sicily and Tunisia are in the same order of magnitude, we assume that the onset of this differentiation is in the same time frame.
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Importantly, when compared to well established static differentiation protocols, this methodology drastically enhanced the neuronal differentiation efficiency of NT2 cells and reduced the time needed for differentiation process; for a differentiation time of 23 days in the bioreactor culture a 10-fold improvement in yield was observed over the static culture protocols lasting 35 days [ 23].
The TF Brn4 was included as a 'downstream' acting TF to maintain symmetry between the lineages so as to ensure the same time scale for differentiation of each the cell types (several days for each).
As these mutants have a shortened lifespan, animals were sacrificed within 13 days of transplantation; the lifespan of this animal model limits the time available for differentiation of transplanted cells.
Since we are dealing with live parasites and the incubation time required for differentiation is too long, the live parasites could be removing the proteins from the surface, since antibodies can be quickly interiorized by endocytosis and degraded [42], [43], or even, subjected to constant secretion to the surface such that bound calpains are sloughed off and replaced.
Thus, the 5th day after microencapsulation may be the optimal time for cell differentiation induction in future works.
However, an earlier colonization, which provides additional time for population differentiation to accrue or a separate coastal migration, was sufficient to account for the observed Fst values among contemporary Native American populations (Fix 2005).
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