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Information was also gathered on other exposures that might affect fertility, including smoking and alcohol and caffeine consumption in the time before conception.
Similarly Qiu et al 23 demonstrated an association between haeme iron intake during the time before conception and in early pregnancy and the risk of GDM.
Because diabetes and use of antiepileptics have been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, 28, 29 we excluded women who used antiepileptics (ATC code N03A) during the first trimester of pregnancy or 90 days before conception or who used antidiabetic drugs (ATC code A10) at any time before conception or during the entire pregnancy.
The link between the timing of investment in human capital and loss of functionality after reaching adulthood has been investigated, showing that the greatest benefit can be achieved from an investment during the initial 1000 days of life (i.e. from the time before conception to the end of the second postnatal year of life) for physical and mental development.
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Physicians are more and more faced with issues of post-treatment pregnancy, such as the optimal time before considering conception.
Similarly, Smulevich et al (1999) reported an excess risk for ALL in the offspring of mothers (OR=5.2; 95% CI=1.6 16.8) and fathers (OR=4.6; 95% CI=1.8 11.9) occupationally exposed to ELF at any time before the conception of the child.
It is narrated by a foetus from the time before his own conception.
It turns out, however, that the intensity of employment entry in Italy strongly depends on whether a woman was employed for at least some period of time before the first conception (Fig. 2).
The researchers, led by Professor Janet Cade of Leeds University, asked the women to complete a questionnaire of their drinking habits for four time periods: four weeks before conception and for each subsequent three-months or trimesters of the pregnancy.
We did not observe any significant difference in HRs during the three periods within the exposure time window (12 7 months before conception, 6 0 months before conception, and pregnancy).
When results were stratified on maternal smoking, the association was stronger among nonsmoking mothers than among those who smoked at any time during the month before conception through the third month of pregnancy (Table 3).
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