We tessellated the forested area in a landscape of altogether 7500 ha to 27,595 pixels of 48 × 48 m2 and modeled the potential of each pixel to provide biodiversity, timber, carbon storage, and recreational amenities as indicators of supporting, provisioning, regulating, and cultural ESs, respectively.
"What we've seen is these specialty or noncore property types have actually done pretty well this year," said Steve Shigekawa, a co-manager of the Neuberger Berman Real Estate fund, which has about $378 million under management and has invested in several unusual REITs, for timber, self-storage properties and data centers.
Table 1 Annual change in forest carbon storage and annual timber harvest for the basic scenarios for North Rhine-Westphalia (2011 2100) Per hectare Volume strategy [tC/ha, a] Value strategy [tC/ha, a] Carbon storage strategy [tC/ha, a] Average annual change in the forest carbon storage (2011 2100) 0.75 0.14 1.65 Average annual timber harvest (2011 2100) 3.22 3.00 1.64 Total 3.96 3.14 3.14.
The study integrated available geospatial and plot-level forest inventory data to assess future changes in carbon storage, timber volume and water yield during a period of 57 years.
Because land and the plants growing on it are already generating these benefits, diverting land – even degraded, under-utilised areas – to bioenergy means sacrificing much-needed food, timber, and carbon storage.
As Earth becomes more crowded, fertile land and the plants it supports become ever more valuable for food, timber and carbon storage — things for which we don't have an alternative source.
On the other hand, competition for canopy space drives the growth rates, densities, and size distribution of canopy trees, and hence the dynamics of carbon fluxes, carbon storage, timber yields and self-thinning (e.g. [6] pages 213 258).
By harvesting this timber, in-situ carbon storage is followed by a long term storage potential as ex-situ carbon storage.
Society is increasingly concerned with many other forest functions and services, however, notably water consumption, carbon sequestration and storage, non-timber forest products, and protection of human infrastructure against adverse effects of erosion.
The pixels considered most important for the individual ESs overlapped as much as 78% between carbon storage and timber production and up to 52.5% between the other ESs.
