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More sophisticated utilization of timber results in higher displacement factors and thus increasing substitution effects.
Furthermore, Pretzsch (2010) estimates that the harvest of the merchantable timber results in the removal of one third of N, P, K, Ca and Mg from the site.
Negative values in the result tables indicate that the use of timber results in higher emissions than those from utilizing the three selected non-renewable energy sources, while positive values indicate emission reductions.
These CO2 emissions can be compared to fossil fuel emissions for producing a unit amount of energy in order to see whether the use of timber results in an emission reduction.
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Substitution effects from material and energetic utilization of harvested timber result in considerable emission reductions, which can compensate for the loss of forest carbon, and eventually contribute to the overall climate change mitigation benefits from forestry sector.
According to the United Nations Environment Programme, "since 1990, at least 18 violent conflicts have been fuelled by the exploitation of natural resources," including minerals, oil, gas and timber, resulting in massive human rights violations.
Well, it would be, if it weren't for the fact that EIA found that "the entire system is based on fraudulent inventories that are used by concessionaires to launder timber, resulting in a 'garbage-in, garbage-out' tracking system".
Elevated soil P and N levels, coupled with clearance of native timber, resulted in epidemic numbers of native scarabs, particularly Christmas beetles (Anoplognathus spp., Scarabeidae).
Moreover, expanded capacity for their home matchup with the rival Timbers resulted in attendance of nearly 70,000 fans for their most recent meeting in October.
Timber extraction results in often sizeable gaps in the canopy due to felled logs, clearings, roads and log decks.
Timber harvesting results in more than 5 million ha of tropical forest annually being transformed into degraded, poorly managed, logged-over forests.
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