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The existing timber tracking systems use paper-based documentation for the identification of timber origin throughout the chain of custody.
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Likely transport distances may be calculated when this record of timber destinations is combined in a geographic information system (GIS) with remotely sensed information about timber origins.
All possible paths from each timber source would structure an entire network system consisting of multiple origins, multiple paths and multiple destinations.
Still unknown, however, was the routing of timber from each origin (patch) to each destination (mill).
Once the road and cableway network is set up, a network algorithm solves the problem and finds the lowest cost path from each origin (timber entry) to one of the destinations (mills) while simultaneously selecting the cableway, cable equipment, landing location and road segments to be used.
An examination of the concept of timber certification, its origins and its present state of development.
Non-timber forest products are goods of biological origin other than timber, derived from forests, other wooded areas and trees outside forests (FAO Forestry 1999).
An estimated 25-50% of the marketed timber is of illegal origin.
Since many dipterocarp species are endemic, the identification of these species restricts the potential places of origin of timber to their small natural distribution area.
These recent developments offer numerous potential applications in forensics; the most important field of application is the identification of timber species and the origin of wood and wood products based on DNA markers.
The origin of the timber is classified into the following categories: (i) timber extracted from state lands, (ii) timber extracted from private lands, (iii) timber received as confiscated material from forest offences, and (iv) timber from other sources (e.g. development areas).
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