Whereas European and American companies can be prosecuted for importing illegal timber, no similar legislation covers the trade in land forcibly appropriated from communities, nor the commodities grown on it, like palm oil, rubber and sugarcane.
Unlike the US, the EU and Australia, which, under pressure from public opinion, have adopted legislation banning illegal timber imports, China has made no such move.
More recently, proposals for legislation and a timber insurance programme have been made in France following devastating losses, especially of planted forests in the Aquitaine region, caused by two winter storms in 1999 and 2009.
It urged Japan, as a major timber consumer, to introduce its own legislation; and as Chinese consumption grows, campaigners are increasingly turning their attention there.
The legislation returned 50 percent of timber sales receipts to the counties, and 25 percent to the U.S. Treasury to reimburse the federal government for payments made to the counties prior to establishment of the Act.
Consequently legislation concerning ownership of timber trees cannot be the only factor responsible for complete forest clearing strategies.
Adoption of sun-loving hybrids; farmers' negative perception of ecological services in relation to hybrids; legislation excluding smallholders from the legal timber market; recent expansion of the timber industry; and the migratory phenomenon.
Overall, we validated our hypothesis based on four or five major factors that determine the choice of full sun and the vanishing of old agroforests, i.e., technical progress; legislation excluding smallholders from the legal timber market; recent expansion of the timber industry; and the migratory phenomenon, (in terms of its demographic implications and in its institutional dimension).
The Northwest Forest Plan, a piece of federal legislation from 1994, mandated that timber companies consider the environmental impacts of their practices on rivers like the Columbia.
While Uganda contains adequate timber reserves, exports were banned in 1987 until legislation could be put in place to regulate forestry.
