A time series of water table levels during the 16 days of the study indicated that tides propagated as a dynamic wave limiting the mass displacement of seawater within the STE.
There is an alternative interpretation of the afternoon counter-electrojet, based on the semidiurnal tide propagating in the dynamo region on certain days.
Tides that propagate into the MLT region reach large amplitudes and profoundly affect the large-scale dynamics, chemistry, and energetics of this region.
It is known that both migrating and non-migrating diurnal tides can propagate upward to the thermosphere and cause perturbations in the thermospheric density (Liu et al. 2009, 2014; Yamazaki and Richmond 2013).
The behavior of the atmospheric gravity waves, planetary waves, and tides, which propagate from the lower atmosphere to the middle atmosphere and the ionosphere, was of a particular interest.
It is found that the most prominent nonmigrating diurnal tidal modes at 95 km are: the eastward propagating tide with zonal wavenumber s = -3, the standing tide (s = 0), and the westward propagating tides with s = 2 and s = 3.
The ionosphere electron density modification with wave-4 signature due to upward propagating tides can be clearly observed by F3/C (Lin et al. 2007a, b).
Jones et al. (2014) simulated the impacts of vertically propagating tides on the mean state of the ionosphere and thermosphere and found that the non-migrating tide DE3 also can affect the ionospheric mean state.
Driven basically by upward propagating tides, these electric fields can suffer significant modulations from perturbation winds due to gravity waves, planetary/Kelvin waves, and non-migrating tides, as recent observational and modeling results have demonstrated.
Their interaction with the upward propagating tides resulted in the generation of dynamo electric field that was responsible for the 3-day wave in the EIA as seen in the Lomb-scargle periodogram of the IGS TEC presented in Fig. 6b (Liu et al. 2012).
