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The college's Lyme disease field-research group, headed by Dr. Durland Fish, director of the Medical Entomology Laboratory at New York Medical College, is concentrating on ways to control the deer tick and to determine both the quantity and location of the ticks as well as the role animals and birds play in tick distribution and location.
We compared the distribution of human cases with recent Ixodes scapularis tick distribution studies.
19– 21 Monitoring tick distribution and the prevalence of Borrelia are essential to describe and understand the risk of acquiring Borrelia infections.
Zip code level data provide more detailed information than county level data and require less data and effort than GIS risk modeling based on vegetation parameters and tick distribution (4, 9 – 11 ).
As passive and active surveillance of human disease and tick distribution have demonstrated the continual expansion of Lyme disease and I. scapularis throughout New York (18 ), public health authorities should be aware of the potential for an increase in the geographic range of other human diseases transmitted by I. scapularis.
With the assumption that there is a link between the abundance and spread of the black-legged tick and the occurrence of Lyme disease in humans, some have attempted to predict the risk of B. burgdorferi estimated from tick distribution and abundance (e.g. Glass et al. 1995; Kitron and Kazmierczak 1997).
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Mosquito and tick species distribution rasters represented probabilities for the occurrence of the species, with values ranging from 0 to 1.
Different weather conditions in different parts of Spain determine tick vector distribution, and therefore, the incidence of piroplasmosis.
Using this model between DDs > 0°C and tick abundance, the distribution of the tick is expected to shift northward by up to 300 km by 2050.
Screening for Rickettsia spp. from different localities in Sweden, using PCR, has demonstrated a mean infection prevalence of 1.5 17.3 % for R. helvetica in I. ricinus ticks, including all stages, proving that Sweden is an endemic area for this agent and that the risk of infection is consistent with the tick's distribution [ 4].
To compute our next generation matrix, we introduce to the population at the "disease-free" stable-stage distribution one infected tick or host of one type-at-birth and calculate the number of newly infected individuals by type-at-birth.
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