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The objective of this study was to determine the presence of thyroid alterations in BD-I and their first-degree relatives (FDR).
This study determined the presence of thyroid alterations (thyroglobulin, thyroperoxidase antibodies, TSH, and free T4 levels) in 239 individuals affected with BD, 131 first-degree relatives and 108 healthy controls, and did not find significant functional thyroid abnormalities in the group of first-degree relatives.
However, thyroid alterations were more frequently seen among patients compared with controls (Figs. 1 and 2).
In their study, Femiano and colleagues revealed that 85 patients with BMS had thyroid alterations when compared to 13 patients in the control group.
In animal studies, rats with diets contaminated with DEHP were found to have thyroid alterations and lower plasma thyroxine (T4) concentrations compared with controls (Hinton et al. 1986; Howarth et al. 2001; Poon et al. 1997; Price et al. 1988).
Moreover, oncocytic changes of thyroid cells have been reported among the late chronic thyroid alterations observed after Chernobyl disaster, with a frequency ranging from 17 to 42% (Nikiforov and Gnepp, 1999).
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In rats, chronic application of several EDCs led to changes in thyroid morphology, alterations of thyrotropin and thyroid hormone serum levels as well as alterations in peripheral thyroid hormone regulated end points such as malic enzyme and type I 5′-deiodinase activity.
BN/BN fetuses were relatively resistant to the effect of alcohol on bodyweight, consistent with the BN dams' resistance to thyroid hormone alterations (Figure 1).
Early hypo- or hyperthyroidism or thyroid receptor alterations can cause permanent behavioral, intellectual, and neurologic dysfunction, particularly during the second and third months of gestation (Utiger 1999).
We also cannot rule out the possibility that secondary metabolic changes in unmeasured parameters occurring after gastric bypass (e.g., thyroid hormone alterations) influenced our results.
In this study, the interactive effects of individual variables and variables such as the severity of depression and thyroid hormone alterations were not studied.
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