The first was long overdue and the uncertainty caused by the second has thrown the sector into disarray.
They are trying to create centres of excellence and throwing open the sector to private entrepreneurs.The main reason for this flurry of activity is the dramatic growth in the supply of potential students.
After many years at the forefront of renewable energy (RE) implementation both in Europe and worldwide, Spain experienced a sudden transformation in 2012 to its RE development model in which national government backing and financial incentives for renewables were removed, throwing the RE sector into a paralysis which continues to the present day.
A recent study by Deloitte predicted that Chinese investments in Brazil could hit an average of about $40bn a year between now and 2014, with companies throwing money at sectors ranging from telecommunications, infrastructure and farming, to oil, biofuels, natural gas, mining and steel manufacturing.
After 18 months of throwing money at the sector, investors are beginning to show signs that they have had enough.
"A lot of employers, particularly in the high-tech sector, are throwing money at recruitment," Mr. Frawley said.
"People are fleeing the tech sector and throwing the money at what they were castigating two weeks ago," said Thomas Rath, a vice president and portfolio manager at Safeco Asset Management.
Venture investors can sense that the wealth management industry has been slow to adopt new technologies and have been throwing money at the sector accordingly.
Dave Prentis, general secretary of Unison, said the government needed to get Britain spending - but was making the situation worse with a hike on public sector pension contributions, holding down public sector pay and "throwing hundreds of thousands of public service workers onto the dole".
The result of all this was to throw the industrial sector into imbalance from 1985 onward.
