The container throughput of transshipment sea ports has a significant negative effect on bulk traffic, whereas that of transshipment river ports has a positive effect.
As repulsion and attraction factors, both key aspects in the Spatial Interaction Models, the province-port travel time along the road network and the container throughput of the ports were considered respectively.
In an analysis of 120 port regions from 13 European countries, Bottasso et al. (2014) revealed that ports increase the GDP of regions in which they are located, and also influence neighbouring regions' GDP positively. Park and Seo's (2016) investigation of South Korean port regions found that the container throughput of a port has a positive effect on regional economic growth.
Natural hazards may damage the maritime industry of Singapore which is valued about 20 billion USD (accounted for 7%% of its total gross domestic product), and influence the water ways which has an annual throughput of 140,000 vessels transporting 33.9 million containers (Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore, 2014).
Rail's mode share of container throughput at Southampton has increased.
Kaohsiung port, the largest in Taiwan, accounts for 70% of container throughput, and plays a key shipping hub role in the East Asia region.
However, CTOs in Busan port are in an overcapacity area given the market demand of container throughput in 2013, which is approximately 25 times larger than the estimated MES; in fact, all CTOs in Busan port operate at more than 20% of MES.
The growth of container throughput for foreign trade in China's top eight ports was very weak, and economic growth in the U.S. and Eurozone was slow.
Take advantage of containers.
