Similar conclusions hold for adaptation to shifting spatial gradients.
To analyze phase shift gradients through and within the different layers of the solar cell, line profiles (Fig. 5a, b) of the phase variation were extracted perpendicular to the layer stack within the boxes (A(_{1}), A(_{2}), B(_{1}), B(_{2})) marked in Fig. 4a, b.
In the case of a cell with a flat equilibrium potential, there is no driving force for the relaxation of concentration gradients through the depth of the electrodes and the persistence of concentration gradients can reduce performance by shifting the current distribution, which results in more polarization for consecutive charge or discharge pulses.
Environmental gradients shift the direction of the relationship between native and alien plant species richness.
The experiment ran for one year, and for the length of the experiment pots were regularly watered, regularly shifted to avoid gradients, and plant mortality was recorded.
Several microfluidic devices have been developed for the application of spatiotemporal chemical gradients using interface shifting in laminar coflow, on- and off-chip valves, flow switching, diffusion through porous membranes, and acoustic waves.
The cyclical Pleistocene glacial and interglacial episodes have shaped the genetic architecture of taxa across the globe, as retraction to refugia facilitated the formation of distinct evolutionary lineages within species [ 6, 7] through both vicariant processes and shifting the spatial distribution and extent of ecological gradients.
Dependent plant abundance shifted along a gradient of hurricane impact.
Assortative mating in association with environmental gradients substantially shifted the mean genetic values of populations.
Individual population ranges likely shifted upwards along altitudinal gradients [ 20, 21].
Large-scale replanting of forests with new species will be needed to keep pace as temperature gradients shift toward the poles.
