Infrared astronomy, study of astronomical objects through observations of the infrared radiation that they emit.
The 2011 physics prize was jointly awarded to Saul Perlmutter, Adam G. Riess and Brian P. Schmidt for the separate 1998 discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae.
Thirteen people at Lawrence Berkeley have won Nobel Prizes, most recently in 2011, when Saul Perlmutter won "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae".
Last year's prize went to Saul Perlmutter, Brian P Schmidt and Adam G Riess for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae.
It is thrilling that through observations of the universe at the largest distances, we are, at the same time, gaining new insights into the behaviour of the universe at the very smallest distances.
Like the recent query about the prevalence of wedding rings in commercials, this is what appears to be another instance of Madison Avenue seeking to sell products through observations of consumer behavior.
The tau was discovered through observations of its decay to muons and to electrons in the mid-1970s by a group led by Martin Perl at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in California.
It would be a fitting conclusion to Einstein's quest for unification if a theory of the smallest microscopic component of matter were confirmed through observations of the largest astronomical realms of the cosmos.
I checked previous announcements, and the only other time this has happened, at least since 1980, was in 2011, when the prize was awarded for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae to Saul Perlmetter (The Supernova Cosmology Project) and to Brian Schmidt and Adam Riess (The High-z Supernova Search Team).
In animals thermoreception can be studied in different ways for example, through observations of behavioral responses to variations in temperature, through measurement of compensatory autonomic responses (e.g., sweating or panting) to thermal disturbances, and through recording electrical impulses generated in the nerve fibres of thermoreceptors.
"Everything we know to date has come through observations of the electromagnetic spectrum," explains Ward.
