Second, from 1992 to 2000, the medical system reform went through further marketization, which began to influence the public welfare of health services, and finally resulted in the low availability and high costs of health services for the commons [ 8].
Prominent examples of marketization include contracting out, internal markets, management contracts, and market testing.
The analysis foregrounds how HE is being reimagined through the utopian ideal of the 'smarter university' while simultaneously being reformed through the political project of marketization.
However, its fast paced marketization process created ample market opportunities during the transitional process, particularly for less educated or skilled labour in the manufacturing sector.
Right after the second 'Golden Era', is the second 'Dark Age' of ECE (1994 2009) when the privatization and marketization period and the market economy took hold in China.
So too does the pattern of magnification of inequality through labour market outcomes that has resulted from domestic marketization and export orientation [ 68, 98].
In the early years of marketization, the emphasis was especially on market opening and financing issues.
In other words, the patron-client relation between the government and enterprises is the product of immature market reform and a low level of marketization.
This marketization reform emphasizes the importance of the market, investment and financial liberalization, deregulation, decentralization, and a reduced role of the state in the water sector (also see Robison and Hewison 2005; Prasad 2006).
"There is a real need for pragmatism here," they write, "and to avoid both the crushing inefficiency of market denial... and the pathology of ideological marketization".
