An effective immune response against cancer cells undergoing ICD requires that DCs have functional TLR4 and intact signaling through its adaptor MYD88 so that antigen from dying tumor cells can be processed and cross-presented efficiently.
The co-stimulatory receptors of RANK, OSCAR (osteoclast-associated receptor) and TREM-2 (triggering receptor expressed by myeloid cells 2), activate PLCγ through its adaptor proteins DAP12 (DNAX-activating protein of 12 kDa) and Fc receptor gamma chain (FcRγ) and the tyrosin kinase Syk [ 124, 125].
All these data suggest a general mechanism for the herpesviral mRNA export factors which bind to specific viral mRNAs and recruit these transcripts to the cellular mRNA export TAP/NXF1 pathway through interaction with one of its adaptors such as Aly/REF, UAP56 or the shuttling SR proteins.
Subsequently, signaling through TLR4 and its adaptor MyD88 controls the initiation phase of cognate immune responses by regulating the processing of the phagocytosis and the cross-presentation of tumor antigens by DCs on MHC class I and class II molecules.
Vav1 is known to interact with many different proteins through its C-terminal adaptor region [ 14].
Through its binding with the adaptor protein Crk, p130Cas forms a complex with Dock1 and could relay mechanical stimuli to Rac1.
In summary, the main function of Opy2 is to serve as a membrane anchor for the Ste11 MAPKKK through its binding to the adaptor protein Ste50.
However, it has also been shown that SHP-2 is involved in the up-regulation of several effectors such as the Ras/MAPK and Src pathways, possibly through its role as an adaptor [15], [22].
We note, instead, that our results are in agreement with the extant body of knowledge that indicates that Cbl is directly involved in CME through its role as an adaptor or as an E3 ligase for proteins other than the EGFR (Dikic and Schmidt, 2007; Sorkin and Goh, 2009).
The PTPase function of SHP2 is activated by interaction with Tyr-phosphorylated receptors and adaptor proteins through its SH2 domains [ 22, 23].
