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In practice, such changes may also occur because of many different factors, including chance, the level of control achieved through vaccination and the number of measles viruses which enter the population through importations.
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A carbon tax levied on fossil fuels as they enter the economy (through importation or extraction from the earth) would allow the prices of goods and services to reflect their carbon footprint; and a Congressional Budget Office study concluded that the net benefits of a tax could be roughly five times as high as the net benefits of an inflexible cap.
We used Monte Carlo simulation to model the probability of introducing BTV into California, USA, and the US through importation of cattle.
FES was initially introduced into the Nigerian market through importation in the 1940s.
For example, a study in the UK suggested that changes in genotype distribution have occurred through importation of different strains.
Countries outside of the United Kingdom were apparently affected through importation of beef and live cattle from the United Kingdom (3, 4 ).
This suggests that the Tanzanian genotypes were introduced from Europe, possibly through importation of infected animals, although the time frame when this occurred remains elusive.
This study demonstrates how immigration can affect the local epidemiology of tuberculosis through importation of disease patterns from another part of the world.
Pneumonic plague poses a potentially increasing risk to humans in plague nonendemic regions either as a consequence of an aerosolized release or through importation of the disease.
These factors raise the likelihood of importation either through travelers incubating plague (as occurred in New York 2002 [ 7 ]), or through importation of infected vectors, such as fleas or rats.
Laboratory and epidemiologic evidence is insufficient to determine whether this dissemination resulted from spread of a strain already present in the United States or the reintroduction of the strain through importation of contaminated livestock or other means.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com