When testing a vaccine in human clinical trials is impossible, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration offers an alternative path to vaccine licensure using the so-called "Animal Rule", whereby the efficacy of such vaccines can be demonstrated through animal studies.
RfDs are primarily calculated through animal studies with one chemical tested at a time.
Through animal studies involving ob/ob mice, they found that obesity is associated with changes in the relative abundance of two dominant bacterial phyla, the Bacteroidetes and the Firmicutes.
Recent breakthroughs in the delineation of the novel Th17 subset have come primarily through animal studies, and data are urgently needed to assess which principles also apply to the human immune system and human disease.
Some of the dysfunctions already identified through animal studies include cancer susceptibility and birth defects, but also more subtle endpoints like immunological dysfunction, suppression of secondary sex characteristics, decreased fertility, increased aggression, decreased mental capacity and focus, disrupted brain development, etc [ 34, 35].
Although there is evidence of inhibition from mathematical modeling (Almström 2006), this issue may be best examined through a controlled animal study; for a human study, at least simultaneous urinary data are needed to judge how intake affects expression.
Jeong et al. [16] studied simultaneous flapless implant placement and peri-implant bone grafting through subperiosteal tunneling, an animal study using mongrel dogs, and found significantly better new bone coverage on the exposed threads than the control group, indicating utility of the technique in conjunction with implant placement as well.
In this regard, the grape and wine polyphenol resveratrol has shown cardiovascular benefits through many animal studies [ 9– 11].
Although the nephrotoxicity of uranium has been established through numerous animal studies, relatively little is known about the effects of long-term environmental uranium exposure.
Nevertheless, it was noteworthy that STB-HO suppressed the tumor volume and weight in athymic nude mice inoculated with HCT116 cells at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg through two animal studies.
