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Alternative splicing can arise through normal, regulated processes; or through abnormalities such as mutation, disease, and environmental stress (Yeo et al., 2005).
Most of the prominent views of schizophrenia postulate frontal lobe involvement in the production of the symptoms through abnormalities in executive control, inhibition and working memory.
In addition, stabilization of β-catenin and amplification of its target gene, cyclin D1, is documented in > 50% of breast carcinomas [ 11, 12], suggesting that the downstream effectors of the Wnt cascade could also be activated through abnormalities in other signaling pathways.
It can be caused by different disorders, with protein leakage through either mucosal injury, for example in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and neoplasms, or through abnormalities of the lymphatic system, as in primary intestinal lymphangiectasia (PIL), congestive heart failure, or after Fontan procedure [ 11, 19, 22, 29].
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Case subjects included those with myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, or subclinical myocardial ischemia detected through electrocardiographic abnormalities.
Localization results either from rearrangement targeting a specific cancer gene or through regional abnormalities driving recurrent DNA breakage.
For example, chronic pressure on the sciatic nerve by internal tension of the obturator muscle or through anatomical abnormalities in the piriformis muscle could cause pain [ 23- 26].
Another possibility is that ADHD is related to increased risk for food addiction, next to addiction risk to various substances, through shared abnormalities in the dopaminergic and other biochemical systems of reward in the ventral striatum [ 8, 9].
As liver is the central organ for maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, we expected that these stress conditions, which alter metabolic functions of the liver either directly through glucose/fat accumulation or indirectly through cellular abnormality including tumorigenesis, injury and damage, ultimately alter hepatic metabolites.
Tony Blair, who paid tribute to his predecessor Sir John Major for initiating the peace process, said: "Normal life and normal politics can seem a small ambition to anyone who has not lived through the abnormality of a society living on the edge - and for many years Northern Ireland was such a society.
The Nazi monstrosity in Apt Pupil is structured through sexual "abnormality", where a series of binary dichotomies are introduced: "normal versus monstrous, heterosexual versus homosexual, and healthy versus sick".
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