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As the web shear element is composed of both concrete and reinforcement, the stiffness matrix [D] is evaluated through the superposition of a stiffness matrix for concrete [D c ] and a stiffness matrix for steel reinforcements [D s ] described as follows: [D] = [D_{c}]+ [D_{s} ] (12).
The generalization is based on a higher-order displacement field representation and on the definition of elasticity-based surface-averaged kinematic and static variables related through a local stiffness matrix.
This paper presents the development of an analytical model for replicating the through-thickness stiffness of single-bolt, single-lap composite joints subjected to secondary bending.
This is attributed to the low through-thickness stiffness of the core and also to a low resistance to shear.
A key objective dealing with 3D sandwich structures is to maximize the through-thickness stiffness, the strength of the core and the core to faces adhesion.
The method is subsequently employed to calibrate the through-thickness stiffness of single-bolt, single-lap joints in highly-efficient numerical models.
The through-fastened connection stiffness is simulated in a finite strip elastic buckling analysis with a rotational spring to demonstrate how system effects can be included in design.
They demonstrate that an optimal design is possible for the through-the-thickness stiffness of the composites.
The stress shielding of periprosthetic bone still remains a contributing factor to implant loosening, caused through a mismatch in stiffness between the implant and the bone.
We consider a linear cantilever beam attached to ground through a strongly nonlinear stiffness at its free boundary, and study its dynamics computationally by the assumed-modes method.
Through nonlinear stiffness properties, a NES is able to passively and irreversibly absorb energy.
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