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Thresholds were calculated using 12 nearest neighbours and Euclidean distance.
Richness and floristic quality thresholds were calculated using these models with associated disturbance response breakpoints.
The mean thresholds were calculated as the average value of five consecutive trials.
Thresholds were calculated from the mean of the final eight reversals.
The values for the low and high thresholds were calculated by the histogram of the gradient magnitude image.
To compare the six results, suitability thresholds were calculated (see Table 3): these were used as a comprehensive indicator because they include all the parameters used to develop suitability maps.
Using a sensitivity- and specificity-based approach [8], thresholds were calculated for change in OHS (ΔOHS) and absolute postoperative OHS using two global transition items for constructing three anchors patient satisfaction, patient-perceived function and a combination of the former two using the most conservative value, i.e., the lowest value.
The background-adapted thresholds were calculated according to Eq. 1 [12]: {T}_{mathrm{adapt}}=Ttimes left({mathrm{AC}}_{mathrm{max}}-mathrm{BG}right)+mathrm{BG} (1 where Tadapt is the background-adapted threshold, T is the uncorrected threshold value, ACmax is the measured maximum activity concentration in the VOI and BG is the mean value of the background.
Thresholds were calculated by taking the log mean of two randomly interleaved staircases.
The transformed equivalents for original values between the thresholds were calculated assuming a linear relationship.
Significance thresholds were calculated by permutation and did not make any assumptions about trait distribution.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com