The product of the modulus and the strain at which breakdown is first observed, i.e. the "critical strain" ( gamma_{c} ), is the threshold for breakdown and has been associated with the yield stress of the system under static conditions.
It is plausible that the threshold for breakdown also depends on task difficulty.
According to the previous studies and recommendations [ 12– 17] to use rather lower single-pulse energy even in return of higher total-pulse energy, we used the single-pulse energy just above the threshold for optical breakdown of our laser system.
The current in graphene transistors could increase with time and finally reaches up to the breakdown threshold of graphene, even under the fixed bias and zero gate voltages.
However, at lower PD values, nanoparticle seeding appeared to cause only a slightly reduced breakdown threshold of a few percent compared to the 'clean' dry air case.
where Z is the axial location in the focal region (Z = 0 at focal point), τp is the full width at half-maximum pulse duration, c is the speed of light in a medium, β is the ratio of peak pulse power to the breakdown threshold of a material (Pmax/Pth), and ZR is the Rayleigh range or focal region, Z R = nπ ω 0 2 / λ.
These values are many orders of magnitude below the intensity threshold for optical breakdown calculated by Vogel et al. (6 x 10 W/cm for 532 nm and 2 x 10 W/cm for 1064 nm) [ 38].
Due to the threshold of energy required to obtain breakdown and the stochastic character of the energy absorption by the spark, a constant value was obtained (corresponding to the breakdown threshold) when the minimum ignition energy was lower than the breakdown threshold.
Importantly, the power levels used are below the threshold for optical breakdown [ 26]; thus minimizing collateral damage and maintaining the viability of the cell.
While higher breakdown power at the initiation of breakdown and lower resistance after breakdown are observed for stacking structure.
Breakdown of the vitreous-retinal barrier is correlated and is the sequence of breakdown of BRB.
