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The dynamic nature of mastitis is taken into account to various extents in longitudinal approaches, for example by counting the number of CM cases during a lactation using a Poisson model [ 7] or by modeling presence or absence of CM in pre-specified lactation intervals using a longitudinal threshold liability model, which gives as many heritability estimates as intervals [ 8, 9].
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These results are consistent with the threshold-liability model of BD, and demonstrate the usefulness of the PGR-BD score in identifying brain functional alternations associated with vulnerability to BD.
For the mastitis traits, a threshold-liability model [ 14] was applied to estimate PM.
The complete genome sequences of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia have allowed for direct identification of patient specific somatic de novo mutations that may augment the threshold of liability and cause this neurodevelopmental disease.
Notably, in Family 5, the duplication was associated with a more severe phenotype (narrow autism versus board spectrum disorder), while in Family 6, a girl (perhaps with a higher threshold for liability) carried the duplication but her autistic brother did not.
In addition, these results call for exploration of the assumptions and implications of the liability threshold concept - in particular, whether a constant threshold is consistent with GWAS data - as well as for exploration of environmental or other factors that could explain the effect size bias.
This hypothesis is derived from the polygenic model of genetic inheritance [ 33], which includes the concept of liability threshold: disease appears when the contribution of multiple genetic factors to disease liability overcomes a threshold.
The model predicts that the liability threshold may be met by inherited factors alone or require additional random genetic and epigenetic events including environmental events during development.
The mathematical probability that the defendant was a gate-crasher is 0.501 and this meets the probabilistic threshold for civil liability.
This is a significant increase of over 200percentt in the threshold for overtime liability.
The Congressional Budget Office economic outlook even states that "the CBO and JCT expect that premiums for health insurance will tend to increase more rapidly than the threshold for determining liability for the high-premium excise tax, so the tax will affect an increasing share of coverage offered through employers".
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com