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Thus, a threshold contest showing that the result of an election has been placed in doubt, warranting a manual count of all undervotes or "no vote registered" ballots, has been made.
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Therefore, the high giving-up threshold of the contest strategy result in the establishment of linear hierarchies (figure 2 e).
The high giving-up threshold of the contest strategy has the effect that individuals collect substantial evidence for being weaker before giving up in an escalated fight.
In contrast, Trump picked up more than half the delegates in Mississippi, a crucial threshold in the Republican contest.
The draft rules propose a dramatic lowering of the nomination threshold in a leadership contest from 15% of Labour MPs and MEPs to 5%.
With increasing resource benefits the giving-up threshold T of the contest strategy increase, which results in increased fight lengths and increased linearity of the hierarchy.
But even if Mrs. Clinton does win in Kentucky, Mr. Obama is likely to end the day with a majority of the delegates awarded through the nominating contests, a threshold his campaign has long asserted would represent a definitive judgment by voters.
Large differences in giving-up thresholds increase the chance that contest individuals win fights, because contest individuals only give-up when being very certain to be weaker.
If the contest is exciting, the threshold level for initiating a Wave increases.
It has been suggested that if contest potential exceeds a certain threshold then individuals will always rely on contest competition and form despotic societies with clear dominance relationships and linear hierarchies [ 5].
With increasing benefit values, individuals can invest in more costly within-fight behaviour, which explains why for the contest strategy the giving-up threshold increases with increasing resource benefits.
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