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Knowledge sharing in dynamic virtual enterprises is performed with three types of ties: knowledge agent to knowledge agent, knowledge agent to knowledge item, and knowledge item to knowledge item.
Thus, the three types of ties may not always represent equal alternatives.
We frame tie choice as a strategic decision based on a cost benefit analysis and suggest that the tie-specific benefits and costs lead to the three types of ties not being equal alternatives.
In sum, our cost benefit approach highlights that the three types of ties cannot be considered as equal alternatives especially when comparing their function across the three categories of benefits and costs.
Based on a structured overview of the literature on tie heterogeneity in interlocking directorates, our classification framework derived from resource dependence theory highlights the key differences between the three types of ties.
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Three types of tie connection properties and two distinct tie layouts were represented in the FE wall models; the influence of typical wood frame house backup properties on out-of-plane seismic performance of brick veneer walls was also assessed.
Thus, when two types of ties offer comparable benefits in a given situation, the type of tie going along with the lesser costs will be chosen.
Since the kinship ties and house neighbourhood ties are highly overlapped in these villages (as the land for building houses were to large extent allocated based on extended family, house neighbours are often family members), we term the network consists of the two types of ties as kinship network for the sake of simplicity.
The aim of this study was to compare the welfare quality of dairy cows kept in two types of tie-stall housing systems: with regular outdoor exercise and without access to exercise.
The aim of this study was to compare the welfare quality of dairy cows kept in two types of tie-stall housing systems: with regular outdoor exercise (paddock or pasture or both) and without access to exercise.
Considering that each respondent may have more than one type of native-place ties, we present model 5 as a full model that contains all three types of native-place ties so that we can assess the net effect of each type and compare the results with previous models.
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