Some 4.5bn of the plastic bags used by Europeans each year end up as litter – often in landfills or waterways such as the English Channel, where studies have shown a floating debris field of up to 100 items per square km, threatening sea mammals and birds with entanglement and ingestion.
Eco-tourist dollars are critical to the preservation of loggerheads, other threatened sea turtles and many other endangered species.
Aided by China, Iran has developed a potent anti-ship cruise missile capability to threaten sea traffic from shore, ship, and aircraft platforms.
They threaten sea lanes, the Panama Canal, NATO choke points, 11 Latin democracies and the United States, which they intend to reach through Mexico.
The Hawaiian reefs, first protected when President Theodore Roosevelt created the Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge, make up nearly 70percentt of the coral in United States waters and support threatened sea turtles, monk seals and other marine life.
Breen, P. A., Hilborn, R., Maunder, M. N. & Kim, S. W. Effects of alternative control rules on the conflict between a fishery and a threatened sea lion (Phocarctos hookeri).
He worked with Helen Hays, the American Museum of Natural History's legendary ornithologist, who in 35 years of toil established the world's largest breeding colony of endangered and threatened sea birds on Great Gull.
The slow breakdown of deep oil that Dr. Camilli's group found had a silver lining: it meant that the bacteria trying to eat the oil did not appear to have consumed an excessive amount of oxygen in the vicinity of the spill, alleviating concerns that the oxygen might have declined so much that it threatened sea life.
Driving on beaches can disrupt dune vegetation, threaten sea turtle hatchlings and harm nesting shorebirds.
