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In this case the object that Mary understands is often called a thought (see below Thoughts and propositions).
Depending upon one's view of the thorny issue of what thoughts and propositions are, one might make further distinctions between the representational vehicles that can be used to express a concept.
(Henceforth we shall normally speak simply of Thoughts and propositions, understanding these to be Fregean Thoughts and Russellian propositions respectively, unless otherwise specified).
Rather, if there are to be truth-makers in the world, it seems clear that they will have to be structured, syntactically or quasi-syntactically, in the same general way as declarative sentences, Thoughts, and propositions.
It will follow that Thoughts and propositions are available, if true, to be identical with the factual entities of the appropriate level (sense and reference, respectively), and the individuation problem does not arise.
The move to thought, and thereafter to language, is perpetrated with the use of Wittgenstein's famous idea that thoughts, and propositions, are pictures—"the picture is a model of reality" (TLP 2.12).
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His "impulse to second-guess every thought and proposition became something like a generational style," as Gerald Howard says.
Thirdly, the metaphysical and epistemological underpinnings of singular thoughts (and singular propositions) have given rise to a rich discussion of the contrast between two broad perspectives: descriptivism and singularism.
But philosophy is not the name of, or the site of, thought generally; it is a special, insular form of thought and its propositions have weight and value only in the precincts of its game.
Steven Rose The explanatory gap A lifetime studying the neurobiology of learning and memory, and I still wonder about St Augustine's questions 1,600 years ago: "How does my brain/mind encompass vast regions of space and time, abstract thoughts and numbers, false propositions?" (Or for that matter the memory of my fourth birthday party or what I had for breakfast yesterday).
Hence, the thought and the proposition can be pictures of the facts.
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