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These can be up to several hundred base pairs in length and are thought to regulate expression of either the genes in which they lie or nearby genes [41].
They are thought to regulate expression of protein-coding genes by direct interaction with and degradation of mRNA or by inhibition of protein translation [ 64].
The Scl+40kb element is additionally thought to regulate expression of the 3′ flanking gene, Map17 (Pdzk1ip1) (Tijssen et al., 2011; Ferreira et al., 2013).
It is biologically plausible that overexpression of these two miRNAs can disrupt developmental processes because they are thought to regulate expression of a group of genes called the Hoxb gene family (Wang et al. 2009).
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Because exosomes are thought to regulate gene expression in recipient cells, we determined the differential expression of proteins in keratinocytes after treatment with saliva exosomes.
Galectin-4 was thought to regulate the expression of MBP through alternate binding to the glycosylated moiety of transcription factor Sp1 and, then promoting the stability and possibly nuclear localization of Sp1 (Wei et al., 2007).
The nuclear lamina is thought to regulate gene expression by its direct interaction with chromatin.
In addition, Neurod1 is thought to regulate gene expression in rods since mice carrying mutations in this TF show rod degeneration [30].
Neither Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL are thought to regulate gene expression through direct interactions with DNA or transcription factors, but rather through effects on various kinases [see 74] [76].
Importantly, Ets1 is thought to regulate the expression of proteases such as urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and various members of the matrix metalloprotease family (MMP1, MMP2, MMP3, MMP9 and MMP13) [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [16].
MECP2 encodes the methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 (MeCP2) [9], [9], which is thought to regulate gene expression, but we do not yet understand how mutations in this protein produce the pathological features of RTT.
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